Guhirima k’Ingoma y'Umwami Yuhi V Musinga

Ababiligi bamaze gutsinda intambara mu 1916, Abadage barahunze, ingabo z'Umwami Yuhi V Musinga zibura ako zigira ziguma aho. Umwami Yuhi V Musinga ntiyashoboye kumvikana n'Ababiligi kuko bashatse cyane kwivanga mu miyoborere y'u Rwanda ndetse bagashaka guhindura imyemerere y'Abanyarwanda.

Mbere na mbere Ababiligi bambuye Umwami kuba Umukuru w’Igihugu. Bashyizeho uburyo bw’imiyoborere bwaturukaga mu bwami bw’u Bubiligi. Mu mwaka wa 1917, nyuma y’umwaka umwe bageze mu Rwanda bashyizeho "Rezidansi" y'u Rwanda. Hategekaga Majoro Declerk (Soma Dekeleriki) ; imitegekere y’u Rwanda yarahinduwe cyane ariko hagenda hashyirwaho indi yihariye izwi cyane n’Ababiligi. Bashyiraho za ‘Teritwari’ ari nako batoranya abatware bo kuziyobora.

Mu gihe cy’ubukoroni bw’Ababiligi, uku niko ubutegetsi bwakurikiranaga mu gukomera:

·         Leta y’u Bubiligi ihagarariwe n’Umwami w’u Bubiligi niyo yari hejuru ;

·         Minisitiri ushinzwe ibihugu bikoronizwa n’u Bubiligi ;

·         Guverineri Mukuru wa Kongo na Rwanda-Urundi[1];

·         Visi-Guverineri w’u Rwanda-Urundi ;

·         Rezida w’u Rwanda ;

·         Umwami w’u Rwanda.

Uyu Mwami w’u Rwanda yakoreraga munsi y’amategeko ya Rezida, akaba umugaragu w’abazungu bakumva ko agomba gukora ibyo bamutegetse byose. Niyo mpamvu iruhande rwe habaga Rezida. Icyo Umwami yajyaga gukora cyose yagombaga kubyemererwa n’uwo Rezida.Iyi mitegekere yababaje Umwami Yuhi V Musinga maze agaragaza kutihanganira uko gukorerwamo gutyo, kandi ari Umwami. Maze Abakoroni babonye ko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga atagonda ijosi batangira no kumwaka ububasha bwe bwose no kumutesha icyubahiro gikomeye cy’ubwami cyamuhaga gutinywa na rubanda.

Nyuma y’umwaka umwe gusa, Ababiligi bafashe ubutegetsi ku ngufu mu Rwanda, hari mu wa 1917, Umwami Yuhi V Musinga yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kwica agakiza. Twibwira ko ari ikintu cyatangaje benshi muri icyo gihe. Kuva kera kose, ijambo ry’Umwami ryari rikomeye cyane kuburyo yashoboraga gutanga umuntu akicwa cyangwa akamukiza uko abishatse. Ubundi

Abanyarwanda bari bazi ko Umwami ari Imana y’u Rwanda, bakamwita Nyagasani. Umwami yari afite ububasha bwatumaga abasha gukemura ibibazo bikomeye cyane bitari mu bushobozi bw’undi Munyarwanda wese mu gihugu. Ibyo byamuhaga igitinyiro n’ubushobozi bwose bumwemerera gutanga umuntu runaka akicwa kubera inyungu rusange.

Ariko muri iyi myaka, Umwami w’u Rwanda ntiyari akiri Nyagasani, ubushobozi bwose n’igitinyiro ndetse n’ibyubahiro byinshi byari byaramaze kuyoyorwa n’Abakoroni. Bamukoreshaga aho babaga bakeneye Abanyarwanda, ku nyungu zabo. Ku buryo batatinyaga kumuha amabwiriza mu gihugu yagombye kuba ayobora yisanzuye, bakamufata nk’umukozi wabo bwite.

Na rubanda rwatangiye kumubona nk’usanzwe cyane, baramutinyuka kuko batari bazi ko ibyo bishoboka. Umwami yajyaga gufata ikemezo bikamugora cyane kuko yabanzaga kubaza kwa Rezida Majoro Declerk uko abyumva. Ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda bwari bwabonye abandi babutegeka, Abanyarwanda mu by’ukuri Igihugu bari baracyambuwe rwose.  Nanone mu wa 1917, nibwo Rezida, Majoro Declerk, yategetse Umwami Yuhi V Musinga gusinya iteka riha buri Munyarwanda uburenganzira bwo kuyoboka idini yishakiye. Umwami Yuhi V Musinga yari yaranze kuyoboka idini rindi ritari iry’Abanyarwanda. Gusa kubera igitutu cy’Ababiligi byaratinze aremera, atanga uburenganzira ku bashaka kuyoboka idini rishya.

Umwanditsi Louis de Lacgeryerekana ko Musinga yanditse ibyari bikubiye muri icyo kemezo cy’Umwami Yuhi V Musinga byari biteye bitya : “Ngewe, Musinga, Umwami w’u Rwanda ntegetse ko guhera uyu munsi ko umuntu wese wo mu Bwami bwange afite uburenganzira bwo kujya mu idini ashaka. Buri mushefu cyangwa umusushefu uzabuza abo ayobora cyangwa abana kwihitiramo idini ndetse no kujya kwiga mu mashuri ngo bahabwe ubumenyi, azahanwa, hakurikijwe umuco, nk’undi mushefu wese wiyibagiza ko agomba kunyumvira no kunyubaha, uwo azahanishwa kuva ku munsi 1 kugeza ku minsi 30 y’igifungo[2]”

Twibwira ko iki kemezo cy’Umwami Yuhi V Musinga, yagifashe ababaye cyane. Kuko yagendaga agondozwa n’Ababiligi umunsi ku uwundi, ariko arushaho gucika intege imbere ya rubanda rwe. Ibyo yavugaga byose yasigarizagamo ijambo rye. Muri iyi nyandiko tubonye yabwiye abashefu n’abasushefu ko « uzabuza abo ayobora cyangwa abana kwihitiramo idini ndetse no kujya kwiga mu mashuri ngo bahabwe ubumenyi, azahanwa, hakurikijwe umuco ». Yongeraho irindi jambo rye ry’abakumiraga kubikora ati : «...nk’undi mushefu wese wiyibagiza ko agomba kunyumvira no kunyubaha, uwo azahanishwa kuva ku munsi 1 kugeza ku minsi 30 y’igifungo »

Kumvira Umwami Yuhi V Musinga byari ukwanga ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi no kwanga ibyerekeye idini rya Gikirisito. Mu by’ukuri Abashefu n’Abasushefu bari binjiye mu kibazo cyo kuzamenya umunyembaraga bagomba kumvira hagati y’Umwami n’Ababiligi. Byari ibihe bikomeye mu by’ukuri kubona Umwami w’u Rwanda yaravugaga ijambo rye afite cyo ahishe inyuma ; bisa no kuvugira mu kinyiranyindo cyangwa amarenga.

Mu mwaka wa 1922, Ababilbi bambuye Umwami ububasha mu bucamanza, Abanyarwanda bose bari bazi ko Umwami wabo ari "Nyamugira ubutangwa" mbese utavuguruzwa mu byemezo. Icyo Ababiligi barabanza bakivanaho, icyakora bavuga ko uwo murimo azajya awukora yunganiwe n’umuzungu uhagarariye Rezida. Umwami agenda yegera rubanda gahoro, bamunyuzamo ijisho.

Mu mwaka wa 1923, Abakoroni bagabanya ububasha Umwami yari afite bwo kugaba imisozi. Muri uwo mwaka, bamubujije gushyiraho abatware mu gihugu no kubanyaga uko ashaka : Abatware b'intara na bo ntibashoboraga gushyiraho abasushefu bitabanje kunyura kuri Rezida. Ihame ry’uko imisozi yose ari iy’Umwami riba rirakendereye, rivuyeho ; bimenyekana hose ko Umwami yakozwe mu nkokora n’abazungu. Bityo, kugirango ugire umusozi ugabana, byasabaga gukeza umukoroni kuko ari we wagabaga byose uko ashatse.

Mu mwaka wa 1925, Abakoroni bavanyeho “Ubwiru” ndetse n’umuhango w'umuganura. Kuko byahaga Umwami imbaraga imbere ya rubanda. Kimwe mu byo ubwiru bwari bushinzwe ni ukuboneza umuhango w'umuganura. Ubwiru bwari nk’itegekonshinga ryo muri Repubulika y’ubu, nibwo bwagenaga imihango y’Ingoma, mu bika byitwaga “inzira z’ubwiru”

Nyuma yo guca ubwiru no guhagarika umuhango w’umuganura, Adiminisitarateri wa Nyanza abyumvikanyeho na Musenyeri Kalase (Classe) yahisemo “Guca” uwitwaga Gashamura umutware w'Abiru, amucira i Gitega mu gihugu cy’u Burundi. Bamuzizaga ko yari afite uruhare mu mitegekere no mu mibanire y'ibwami n'Abazungu. Umwami bamwambura umujyanama mukuru yari afite. Aba atakaje amaboko akomeye cyane.

Ubwo Rwampungu, umuhungu wa Gashamura, Abakoronibahise bamushyira mu ishuri riyoborwa n'Umubiligi, kugirango bamutoze byinshi mu myumvire yabo kandi urubyiruko rukomoka mu Biru arukomereze hafi, kuko nibo bari Abaragwa b’Ubwiru. Nuko "Ubwiru" burahungabana kuko bari babuciye umutwe. Naho Bandora wari Umupfumu n'umujyanama w'ibwami, Abakoroni bamwirukanye ibwami, bamucayo, bamubuza kuzongera kuhatunguka. Umwami asigara asa nkaho ari wenyine. Yari amaze gutakaza byinshi, bimwe mu bishyitsi by’ubutegetsi bwe.

2.2.            Umwami Yuhi V Musinga avuma abana be

Ibikorwa Abakoroni b’Ababiligi bakoreye Umwami Yuhi V Musinga byamuteye kubanga kandi akabigaragaza. Abakoronibari bagambiriye guhirika Ingoma ya Cyami mu macenga akomeye Abanyarwanda batari kuzamenya vuba. Ariko ibwami bo babonaga aho biganisha; Umwami we yatsimbaraye ku myemerere Ababiligi bamusanganye. Kubera uko kudahinyuka k’Umwami Yuhi V Musinga, byatumye yatura ko n’abe bose batagomba gukurikira abazungu, ngo bayoboke undi Mwami wavugwaga muri iyo myaka, ariwe Umwami Yesu Kirisitu. Yabifataga nk’umuziro atabasha kwihanganira na gato.

Umukobwa umwe mu bana be witwaga Musheshambugu yatumyeho se ko ashaka kujya kwiga idini rya gikirisitu akazabatizwa, kuko umugabo we Rwagataraka yashakaga kuba umukirisitu. Maze umukobwa we Musheshambugu atangira kwiga ngo azabatizwe mu idini Gaturika. Nk’uko tubibwirwa n’umwanditsi Inosenti Nizeyimana[3], inkuru igeze ku Mwami Yuhi V Musinga biramubabaza amwoherereza ubutumwa bwarimo amagambo akomeye yiganjemo imivumo mibi yerekana urwango yangaga ibyerekeye idini n’Abakoroni.

Yagize ati: «Wantumyeho umenyesha ko umugabo wawe ashaka kuba umukirisitu, ko kandi na we ubishaka kubera ko uri umugore we. Bari barambwiye ko uwo mugabo wawe Rwagataraka atwanga, none ndabibonye koko ko atwanga. Impamvu itumye mbikubwira ni uko agiye kugukoresha umuziro ntashobora kugushyigikiramo. Navumye uwo ariwe wese mu bana bange uzahinduka umukirisitu. Nihagira umwe muri bo uba we, azapfe adatunze kandi azabe ikiremba! Naba ari umukobwa, Imana izamfashe azapfe atabyaye, ntazanywe amata ku Muhutu no ku Mututsi kandi azavumwe n’umuntu uwo ari wese uzi kuvuma! Ntugire ngo ndagukinisha nk’umugabo wawe. Niba ushaka kuba umukirisitu kugira ngo ushimishe umugabo wawe, sinzongera kugukunda na rimwe, ndakurahiye. Mbe nica data Rwabugili niba ibyo nkubwiye atari byo. Nzakwifuriza ikibi cyose kibaho kubera kukwanga. Nzakwanga nk’uburozi bwishe umuvandimwe wange Munana, nkwange nka mugiga yishe abana bange Munonozi na Rudacyahwa. Tega amatwi wumve neza, hitamo kunkunda, gukunda ubuzima bwawe cyangwa gukunda Rwagataraka. Nkurahiye nkomeje ko nuramuka ubaye umukirisitu ntazongera kurebana na we mu maso. Mbwira neza icyo utekereza mu mutima wawe. Musheshambugu, mbwiza ukuri kuko uyu ariwo munsi wo kunyereka ko uri umwana wange cyangwa utari we. Wibuke ko nuramuka ubaye umukirisitu bizanteranya n’abapadiri, ariko ibyo ntacyo bintwaye”.

Yari Papa wawe, Umwami w’u Rwanda

Yuhi Musinga.”

Musheshambugu amaze kubona ubutumwa bwa Se Umwami Yuhi V Musinga, yagize ubwoba ntiyemera kubatizwa. Umutware Rwagataraka aramusenda acyurwa n’umutware wo mu Nyantango witwaga Muterahejuru.[4]

Iyi baruwa ubwayo irerekana ko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga yari yaravanguye umubano n’abazungu b’Ababiligi. Yarabangaga n’ibyabo byose, nta kiza yababonagamo. Na we ubwe baramwangaga ku buryo bwagaragariraga abamwegereye na rubanda. Kuko nta bushake na buke yigeze yerekana bwo gushishikariza rubanda gukunda gahunda z’Abakoroni b’Ababiligi. Umwami bamugabanyirije ububasha bamwambura amaboko; mu Rwanda hari hasigaye Ubwami budafite Ubwiru nta bujyanama. Inama zose zagombaga guturuka ku bazungu.

Igihugu cyari cyaramaze kugwa mu maboko y’Abakoroni mu buryo bwuzuye. Muri iyi myaka, Umwami w’u Rwanda yari asigaye ari Umwami w’ikâmba gusa; ahubwo ni uko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga atari kwegura naho ubundi byarashobokaga ko yari kubikora, kuko Ingoma ye yari yarasumbirijwe n’Abakoroni. Na we bituma abanga.

2.3.            Imyitwarire y’abatware ba Musinga.

Aho ibintu byaganaga mu rwego rw’imitegekere, abenshi mu batware babonaga gukomeza kwihambira ku Mwami Yuhi V Musinga ntacyo bizabagezaho kuko nta butegetsi yari agifite, ububasha bwose bwari bufitwe n’abazungu. Bamwe muri bo batangiye kumuvaho ndetse batangira kubatizwa kugirango batazanyagwa aho bayoboraga. Umutware utayobotse idini ryabo yaranyagwaga.

Ubwo bwoba bwatumaga bamwe bikundisha cyane ku bazungu, ndetse bamwe barimo nka Rwabutogo naKayondo berekanye ko batemeranya n’Umwami Yuhi V Musinga. Kayondo we akaba yarakundaga gutanga amakuru yose y’ibibera n’ibivugirwa ibwami abazungu batabashije kumenya, ahakirizwa[5]

2.4.            Umwami Yuhi V Musinga acibwa ku Ngoma

Muri icyo gihe cy’ubukoroni bw’Ababiligibyari bikomeye gutandukanya uruhare rw’ubukoroni bw’Ababiligi n’urw’idini rya Gaturika mu gutandukanya Abanyarwanda. Kuko bamwe babyigishirizaga muri Kiriziya abandi mu nzego z’imiyoborere, Kiriziya ikeza imitima maze Abakoroni bagashyiramo ibitekerezo bifuza ko Abanyarwanda bemera. Kuva ku ba mbere bari barize mu gihugu kugeza kuri rubanda rwa giseseka. Kugirango Umwami Yuhi V Musinga acibwe ku Ngoma no mu gihugu byaturutse ku bamisiyoneri bari bahagarariwe na Musenyeri Classe.

Abo bashinje[6] Umwami Yuhi V Musinga ko yabuzaga Abanyarwanda kuyoboka idini bashaka. Umwanditsi Louis de Lacger[7] atubwira ko Guverineri Voisinwari uhagarariye Umwami w’u Bubiligi, mu gice cya Ruanda-Urundi aribyo bihugu u Rwanda n’u Burundi muri iki gihe, na weyandikiye Musenyeri Classe ashinja Umwami Yuhi V Musinga kutagira ibyo yumva bitari mu nyungu ze gusa.

Ndetse yerekanye ko agandisha abaturage ku bushake, ko atatuma batera imbere.  Mu nyandiko z’uwo Guverineri Voisin, ashingiye kuri izo mpamvu, yamenyesheje Musenyeri Classe ko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga aramutse asimbuwe vuba byaba byiza kurushaho. Muri icyo gihe byarashobokaga cyane ko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga yashoboraga kwicwa kugirango asimburwe n’umwe mubo Abakoroni n’Idini bazahitamo. Kuko mu muco Umwami yasimburwaga ari uko amaze gutanga. Ariko ntibyakozwe bityo, ahubwo bahisemo kumuca bakamujyana kure y’ubutegetsi nk’Umwami.

Ubufatanye bw’Abakoroni b’Ababiligi n’abakuru b’idini Gaturika mu gusenya ubuyobozi bw’Igihugu bwari busesuye kugirango batsinsure Umwami Yuhi V Musinga n’abo bategekanaga. Kuko Abanyarwandabari bagikomeye ku Mwami nk’ikimenyetso cyo kubaho kw’Igihugu; igikorwa cyo guhirika Musinga ku ngoma cyasabaga kubanza kwitonderwa. Muri uko kudahita bamukuraho, byari gutinya ko abaturage bakurura akaduruvayo; bityo Ubudage bukaboneraho uko bwabasha kwirukanisha Ububiligi mu Rwanda kuko bwari bumaze kugira imbaraga mu Ishyirahamwery’Ibihugu (League of Nations)[8]

Umwanditsi Van Overschelde, mu gitabo kekitwa “Un audacieux pacifique, urupapurorwa 73” atubwira ko ikemezo cyo guca Umwami Yuhi V Musinga kemejwe mu gitondo cyo kuwa 12 Ugushyingo 1931, Guverineri Voisin, atangaza ko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga aciwe ku Ngoma y’u Rwanda, ko atakiri Umwami w’u Rwanda.

Umwami Yuhi V Musinga, 1931

Umwami amaze gucibwa, aragenda, araherekezwa ari kumwe na Nyina Umugabekazi Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera n’Abagaragu benshi cyane b’inkoramutima ze. Maze himikwa umwana we Rudahigwa ahabwa izina ry’ubwami rya Mutara.

Nyuma y’igihe, Abanyarwanda benshi barakomeje bajya kureba Umwami wabo i Kamembe, Abakoroni babibonye noneho bambutsa Musinga umupaka bamujyana i Moba muri Congo Mbiligi, niho yatangiye ku ya 25/12/ 1944[9].

Nguko uko ingoma ya Cyami yatangiye kwerekana imbaraga nkeya imbere ya rubanda rwari ruzi ko ibyo bitashoboka. Ariko ubutegetsi bwari mu maboko y’Ababiligi gusa, bakora ibyo bashaka igihe bashakiye. Iyo muri iki gihe tuvuga ibyo kwihesha agaciro, biba bifite impamvu zikomeye zo mu mateka ya kure. Nta kundi gutakaza agaciro kurenze gusuzugurwa bene aka kageni. Aho umunyamahanga yimika cyangwa agahirika uwo ashaka, igihe ashakiye. Abanyarwanda twambuwe agaciro igihe kinini, tugeze mu gihe cyo kukisubiza.

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[1] Yabaga Léopord Ville (Kinshasa)

[2] Lacger L, (de), Le Ruanda, urup. 466-477 « Moi, Musinga, Mwami du Rwanda, je décide qu’à date de ce jour tous sujets de mon Royaume sera libre de pratiquer la Religion vers laquelle il se sent incliné. Tout chef ou tout sous-chef qui défendra à ses subordonés, à ses sujets et aux enfants de ceux-ci de pratiquer le culte de son choix ou de suivre les leçons des écoles pour y reçevoir les instructions, sera puni, selon la coutume, comme tout chef qui oublie qu’il me doit du respect et obéissance, de un à trente jours de réclusion »

[3]NIZEYIMANA I., “Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda mu mateka yabo, Ubukoloni n’amacakubiri mu Rwanda, igice cya mbere, 2016, Pg.150

[4]GASAKE, A.  & GATERA, F., “Yuhi V Musinga Rugwizakurinda Umwami w’u Rwanda mu nzira y’ubunyereri, Kabgayi, 2017 Pg. 160”,

[5]Kalibwami J: Le Catholicisme et la Sociéte Rwandaise 1990-1962, Pg. 205.

[6] Yasohotse mu kinyamakuru Essor colonial maritime : « Un triste sire. »

[7] Lacger, L (de)., « J’ai royalement essayé de ramener le Mwami à une plus saine compréhension des ses devoirs. J’ai dû reconnaître que cet homme est indifférent à tout ce qui n’est son ègoisme et libricité, qu’il est incapable d’aider en quoi que ce soit au progrès de ses sujets ; qu’il vouerait delibérément la population à la stagnation. Aussi entre-il dans mes intentions de proclamer sa déchéance. Le plus tôt serait le mieux, me semble-t-il »

[8]NIZEYIMANA I., “Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda mu mateka yabo, Ubukoloni n’amacakubiri mu Rwanda, igice cya mbere, 2016, Pg.147

[9] GASAKE, A.  & GATERA, F., “YUHI V Musinga Rugwizakurinda Umwami w’u Rwanda mu nzira y’ubunyereri, Pg. 8”, Kabgayi, 2017