AMATEKA YO GUSENYUKA K'U RWANDA N'UBURYO RWIYUBATSE
U Rwanda ni Igihugu kigenga,
abaturage bacyo bitwa Abanyarwanda. Ubuso bw’u Rwanda bungana na km2
26 338. Ruherereye hagati y’imirongo mbariro yo k’urugero rwa dogere hagati ya
1o20‘ na 2o50‘, munsi gato y’umurongo mbariro ugabanyamo
isi kabiri no hagati y’imirongo miganda yo ku rugero rwa dogere hagati ya 28o50`
na 30o35`.
Igihugu cy’u Rwanda ntigikora
ku nyanja kandi gikikijwe n’ibihugu bine: Uganda mu Majyaruguru, u Burundi mu
Magepfo, Tanzaniya mu Burasirazuba na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo
mu Burengerazuba. U Rwanda rufite ubutumburuke burangwa n’ibibaya, imisozi,
ibitwa n’ibirunga n‘ibindi. Rufite kandi urusobe rw‘ibimera n’ibinyabuzima
ndetse rukagira ikigereranyo cy’ubushyuhe cyo hagati (moderate) kandi u Rwanda
rufite ahantu henshi nyaburanga. Abanyarwanda benshi bahuriye ku muco w’igihugu,
niwo ugenda bose kandi bumvikana ku rurimi rumwe rw‘igihugu ari rwo:
“Ikinyarwanda”. Abanyarwanda basangiye amateka yo hambere n’aya vuba y‘igihugu.
U Rwanda rwaba rwarabayeho
kuva mu 1091, ruyoborwa n’ubutegetsi bwa cyami kugeza mu 1961. Umubare w’Abami
bayoboye u Rwanda uzwi ko waba ari Abami 28. Na ho kuva mu 1962 u Rwanda
rwabaye Repubulika; umubare w’Abaperezida bayoboye Repubulika y’u Rwanda kugeza
mu 2017 ni batandatu (6).
Imiyoborere y’u Rwanda rwo
hambere ku ngoma z’Abami bw’ibanze cyane ku gushaka ubutaka bagura imbibi z’igihugu
no gukomeza ingoma y’u Rwanda. Bibanze cyane kandi gutoza umuco w’igihugu no
kubaka ingagaciro z’umuco Nyarwanda. Bibanze cyane ku kubaka ubumwe
bw’Abanyarwanda mu bihe bikomeye babayemo bw’intambara z’urudaca zo gushaka ko
u Rwanda rukomeza kubaho. Abanyarwanda bari bariho bunze ubumwe, batabarana,
barwanirira igihugu cyabo kandi bubaha ubutegetsi bwari bufite igihugu kigenga.
U Rwanda rero ntirwakomeje
kuba igihugu kigenga, mu mpera z’ingoma ya Cyami mu mwaka mu mwaka wa 1895 Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili yatangiyemo;
izungura rye ryateje imvururu zavuyemo intambara yiswe iyo ku Rucunshu (Akarere
ka Muhanga). Iyo ntambara yashyamiranyije imiryango y’ibwami, Umugabekazi
w’umutsindirano witwaga Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera hamwe n’abo bari bafatanyije
bagambaniye Umwami Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, agwa muri iyo ntambara, himikwa
umuhungu wa Kanjogera witwaga Musinga, aba Umwami Yuhi V Musinga.
Hari mu bihe Abadage bari baramaze kugera mu Rwanda
(1894). Mu mwaka wa 1899, muri izo mvururu z’intambara, Abadage bagiranye
amasezerano yo gutegekana n’Umwami u Rwanda rwe. Bamusezeranya kumurinda nawe
Abasezeranya kubabera inkoramutima. U Rwanda ruba rutangiye gutakaza ubwigenge
rwahoranye.
Abadage birukanywe mu Rwanda mu ntambara batsinzwemo
n’Ababiligi ku wa 06 Gicurasi 1916, ingabo z’Ububiligi zimaze gufata Kigali.
Ubusugire bw’u Rwanda bwari burangiye noneho burundu. Igihugu gifashwe ku ngufu
z’intambara. Umwami Yuhi V Musinga n’ingabo ze zitwaga “Indugaruga” bagumye mu gihugu, na ho Abadage barahunga. Ababiligi bategetse
u Rwanda ariko Umwami Yuhi V Musinga ntiyabayoboka.
Umwami Yuhi V Musinga yatangiye kuvanwaho ubudahangarwa
bwa cyami yahoranye. Yamburwa ububasha bwo guca imanza wenyine, kugaba imisozi,
gutanga ubutware cyangwa kwica agakiza. Bituma yanga Ababiligi cyane kugeza
ubwo bamuciye ku ngoma mu 1931. Himikwa umuhungu we wiswe Mutara III Rudahigwa.
Nyuma y’ivuka ry’umuryango w’Abibumbye (ONU-1945), wameje
ko u Rwanda ruba indagizo y’ubwami bw‘Ububiligi ku ya 13 Ukuboza 1946. Intego
kwari ukugira ngo abaturage b’u Rwanda bafashwe kwiga iby’iterambere bazabashe
kugera ubwo bazashobora kwiyobora.[1]
Ababiligi ntabwo bigishije Abanyarwanda kwiyobora, ahubwo
bakomereje kuri ya mahane bari barakomoye ku mitegekere bagiranye n’Umwami Yuhi
V Musinga. Bigishije inyigisho zitanya Abanyarwanda, babaremamo ibice by’ubwoko
bw’Abatutsi, Abahutu n’Abatwa. Ayo magambo yari asanzwe yashakiwe
ingengabitekerezo nshya bayigishirizaho byoroha kumvikana muri rubanda.
Abanyarwanda baciwemo ibice aho kubahuza ngo babafashe kugera ku majyambere.
Kuko Abanyarwanda bari bariyoboye igihe kinini, bari barashoboye kwishakira
igihugu cyabo kandi gifite inzego z’imiyoborere zikorana[2] neza
kuva ku Mwami kugera ku muturage wo hasi.[3] Uko
kwiyobora si ibyo bigishwaga n’Abanyaburayi.
Gutandukanya Abanyarwanda byanyujijwe mu nyigisho
zigishwaga n’Ababiligi zerekanaga itandukaniro hagati y’Abatutsi, Abahutu
n‘Abatwa. Zikigishwa ababashije kugera mu mashuri bwa mbere. Ibyo bakabikura mu
nyandiko zimwe zari zarasohowe n’Abanyaburayi butandukanye nka : John Hanning Speke (1863), Umwongereza wari warageze mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari akandika ku
nkomoko y’abahatuye n‘umupadiri w’Umufaransa Louis de Lacger[4], yanditse ku miterere y’ubwoko bwari mu
Rwanda.
Undi witwa Léon
Delmans[5]na
we yanditse ku ndeshyo n’indi miterere y’abagize ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, Abahutu
n’Abatwa mu Rwanda.
Iyo myumvire yigishijwe Abanyarwanda ba mbere binjiye mu
mashuri babyigishwa nk’amateka y‘igihugu. Abasohotse muri ayo mashuri ahanini
ni bo bakoreshejwe babyigisha rubanda rucikamo ibice bitatu. Maze icyari
kujijuka kiba ubujiji bwatumye ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda busenyuka hinjiramo
urwango rushingiye ku bwoko cyane cyane hagati y’Abatutsi n’Abahutu.
Urwango hagati y’Abahutu n’Abatutsi rwakomeye hagati ya
1938 na 1945, mu nzara ikaze ya Ruzagayura. Abatware bategetswe n’Ababiligi
kubashakira amaturo mu baturage. Ayo maturo yarimo imyaka, inka n’andi mutungo
magufi. Bikava mu baturage inzara imereye nabi, babona benshi mu batware aribo
baza kubambura ibibatunze kandi bashinzwe kubarinda. Imirimo y’agahato,
yakoreshwaga abaturage yabateye kwanga ubuyobozi bwabo bwasaga n’ubwananiwe
kubatwara neza.
Abatware na bo babikoraga bihonga kuko kutabikora
byateraga ibyago bikomeye kuri we n’umuryango we. Abaturage ntibamenyaga ko
byose byategekwaga n’Abakoroni. Muri iyo nzara ya Ruzagayura, Abanyarwanda
batari bake barapfuye abandi barasuhuka bakwira amahanga.[6] Muri
icyo gihe kiswe igihe cy’uburetwa, abaturage bakubitwaga inkoni z’ibiboko,
bitegetswe n’Ababiligi, ariko bigakorwa bihagarariwe n’abatware.
Mu myaka ya 1947-1962, mu
Rwanda habayeho impinduramatwara muri poritike yatangijwe n‘Ubwami, ariko iza
gusozwa no kuvanwaho k’ubutegetsi bwa cyami mu 1961. Umwami Mutara III
Rudahigwa, yifuzaga kubaka ubuyobozi bw’u Rwanda abuganisha ku gushaka
ubwigenge n‘iterambere. Ibyo akabifatira no ku ntego zatumye u Rwanda ruba
indagizo y’Ububiligi mu 1946.
Igihe Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu
yifuzaga impinduka za Poritike ziganisha ku bwigenge ku ya 22 Gashyantare 1957,
yasohoye inyandiko yiswe “Mise au Point[7]”.
Iyo nyandiko yari ikubiyemo ko uburyo bwo kwigisha abana bwarushaho gushyirwamo
ingufu, guha ububasha bwisumbuye Umwami n'Inama Nkuru y'Igihugu, gushyiraho
gahunda mbaturabukungu no kuvanaho irondabwoko hagati y'Abazungu n'abirabura.
Ababiligi ntibabishyigikiye,
bifashisha agatsiko gato k’abitwazaga ko ari Abahutu bari barize karabirwanya.
Ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1959, abo Bahutu basohoye inyandiko yiswe “La manifeste de
Bahutu[8]”,
berekana ibindi bibazo bitandukanye n'ibyo Inama Nkuru y'Igihugu yerekanaga.
Bakavuga ko barenganyijwe kuva kera n’Abatutsi, ko ubwigenge cyangwa kaminuza
atari byo byihutirwa cyane. Ahubwo ko igikwiye gukorwa kare ari ukubakiza Abatutsi
babimye uburenganzira bwabo kuva kera.
Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa ku ya 29 Mata 1959[9], yagaragaje
ko u Rwanda rwifuza kugira uruhare rugaragara mu micungire yarwo no kwiyoborera
ubwarwo ikerekezo cyarwo. Nabyo ntibyashyigikiwe n’Abakoroni ndetse ntijyaje
kubigeraho kuko ku ya 25 Nyakanga 1959, yatangiye i Bujumbura mu buryo
butunguranye. Umwami Mutara
III Rudahigwa kuko yatanze ari incike, yazunguwe na murumuna we Kigeli V
Ndahindurwa, na we ntiyabasha gutegeka, kuko Ababiligi bamuciye ku ngoma ku wa
28/07/1961.
Ababiligi ntibatumye Abami bayobora u Rwanda
kuva kuri Yuhi V Musinga kugeza kuri Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. Ubutegetsi bw’u
Rwanda bwaciwe intege n’Ababiligi, kandi ahubwo Ababiligi baragombaga gufasha
abo baragijwe na ONU kubasha kwiyobora. Bakoresheje uko bashoboye, ngo bashyire
ku ubutegetsi abo bashoboraga kuzakorana na bo. Ariko bikorwa mu buryo byangije
byinshi mu gihugu, harimo n’imibanire y’Abanyarwanda. Ababiligi bafashije Abahutu bo
mu mashyaka ya PARMEHUTU na APROSOMA mu guteza imvururu mu gihugu, maze kugeza
mu Gushyingo 1959, imvururu zari zimaze gufata indi ntera.
Abahutu cyane cyane abo muri ayo mashyaka yombi
bibasira Abatutsi barabica, barabasahura na ho ababishoboye bahungira mu bihugu
bihana imbibi n’u Rwanda (Uganda, u Burundi, Congo na Tanzaniya). Mu myaka ya 1960-1968, bamwe mu bari
birukanywe mu gihugu bashatse kugaruka, birananirana, barema umutwe w’ingabo
wiswe Inyenzi, ariko urwo rugamba rurananirana. Mu ijambo Perezida Kayibanda
Grégoire yavuze ku ya 11 Werurwe 1964, nyuma y’igitero cy’Inyenzi mu Bugesera,
yagize ati: ̎Nimusubira gutera,
ak’Abatutsi kazaba karangiye burunduˮ[10]. Kuva icyo gihe umubare
munini w‘Abatutsi wakomeje kwicwa imbere mu gihugu. Bigeze muri Mata 1973,
habaye ubwicanyi bwahitanye Abatutsi bari hagati ya 25,000 kugera kuri 35,000
byagaragaraga ko bwateguwe[11].
Indorerezi z’abanyamahanga barimo Vuillemin
(Umusuwisi) na Luc de Heusch (Umubiligi), babinyujije kuri Radiyo ya Vatikani
(Radio Vatican) ubwo bwicanyi babwise ̎Jenosideˮ[12]
Imiyoborere mibi ya Perezida Kayibanda Grégoire
yateje umwiryane ukomeye mu baturage, yimakaza irondabwoko, ivangura
n’akarengane gashingiye ku bwoko. Perezida Kayibanda Grégoire, yahiritswe ku
butegetsi ni tsinda ry’abasirikare 11, ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973,[13]
bari bakuriwe na Jenerali Majoro Habyarimana Juvenal, ndetse uyu yaje guhita aba
Perezida w’Igihugu.
Ubutegetsi bwe bwamaze imyaka igera kuri 20,
kuva 1973-1994. Yategekeye mu ishyaka rye rukumbi MRND[14] ryashinzwe ku ya 5 Nyakanga
1975. Ubutegetsi bwe bwarushije ubwa Kayibanda Grégoire kuba bubi. Bwaranzwe no
guheza impunzi z’Abanyarwanda hanze y’igihugu, irondakarere n’irondabwoko
byariyongereye bijya mu mashuri n’imirimo y’igihugu.
Himitswe akarengane no kubiba urwango mu
Banyarwanda mu buryo bw’inyigisho mu gihugu hose. Ibyo byajyanye no gucura
umugambi mubi wa Jenoside yaje guhitana Abatutsi barenga miliyoni mu mezi atatu
gusa kuva ku ya 7 Mata kugeza ku ya 4 Nyakanga 1994 ubwo yahagarikwaga n’umutwe
w’ingabo zahoze zishamikiye k’umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi ziyobowe na Jenerali
Majoro Kagame Paul. Izo ngabo nizo zabohoye u Rwanda, biturutse mu mateka yo
hambere yari arugejeje kuri rusenyuka. Ngiyo imizi yo kwibohora
kw’Abanyarwanda.
Iryo rondabwoko ryasenye ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda,
ariko nyuma yo kwobohora bwongeye kubakwa, hashyirwaho imiyoborere byiza
ishakira ibisubizo ibibazo by’igihugu. Igihugu cy’u Rwanda n’Abanyarwanda bongeye
kugarurirwa agaciro n’ikizere mu ruhando rw’amahanga. Leta y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda
yagiyeho ku ya 19 Nyakanga 1994, yubatse Igihugu Abanyarwanda bifuzaga.
Inkingi zikomeye yubakiyeho zabaye iterambere
ry’ubukungu, imiyoborere myiza, imibereho myiza no kwimakaza ubutabera mu
gihugu. Ibyo byose byakubiwemo imiyoboro y‘ibitekerezo bigari, Abanyarwanda
banyuzamo ibyifuzo byabo, kugira ngo bubake u Rwanda. Abanyarwanda bahisemo
kunga ubumwe, gukorera mu mucyo kandi bakareba kure mu kerekezo bishyiriyeho,
maze bakubaka umurage mwiza.
Abanyarwanda bariho none ni inshingano yacu yo
kubaka u Rwanda ruzira amacakubiri. Guharanira ubumwe bwacu n’Abanyarwanda
tukarinda ibyagezweho kandi tukubaka ibishya, tukazasiga umurage mwiza.
Twabeshywe kenshi n’abifuzaga ubutegetsi Abanyarwanda turangana dupfa ubusa.
Ariko muri iki gihe nimucyo dusobeke intugu nk’abonse rimwe, dukomeze umuco
n’indangagaciro byacu maze turusheho kunezererwa mu gihugu dufite.
Turangwe no kubaha no gukorana umurava twirinde
ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose, tube mu Rwanda ruzira amacakubiri. Tubere urumuri
abakiri mu mwijima w’irondabwoko tubafashe kongera kuba Abanyarwanda barangwa
no kwiyubaha bagaha agaciro ibibagaragiye byose. Ikirushijeho duharanire ko
abato, bazakura bakunda igihugu, bakabyiruka ari abaturage beza baharanira
gutezwa u Rwanda rwacu imbere.
Iteka tukiriho kandi tuzakomeze kuba ikitegererezo
kiza mu bandi. U Rwanda nicyo gihugu cyacu, nta hantu heza, haruta ubutaka
gakondo bwa ba sogokuruza bacu. Twese hamwe duharanire kubaka u Rwanda ruzira
umwiryane n’amacakubiri yose. U Rwanda twifuza ruri muri twe
Dukomeze imihigo, twunge ubumwe, twubake u
Rwanda twifuza.
RWAGASANI Braddock Le sage
[1] Organisation des Nations
Unies, Conseil de Tutelle de l’ONU, Rapport de la mission de Visite de l’ONU au
R-U, 1948, New York, 1948, Pg.9-10
[3] BYANAFASHE D., RUTAYISIRE P., Amateka y’u Rwanda. Kuva mu ntangirio
kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya XX, 2016, Pg.120
[5] DELMANS L., La
généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda, Kabgayi,1959 Pg.1-2.
[6] BYANAFASHE D., RUTAYISIRE P., Amateka y’u Rwanda. Kuva mu ntangirio
kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya XX, Page 297-304
[7] Conseil Supérieur du
Pays, “Une mise au point (1957)”, Document ONU, T/402, Annexe II, New York,
1958
[8] Le manifeste des Bahutu.
Note sur l’aspect social du problème indigène au Rwanda (24 Mars 1959),
Document ONU, T/1402, New York, 1959
[9] BYANAFASHE D., RUTAYISIRE P., Amateka y’u Rwanda. Kuva mu ntangirio
kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya XX, Pg. 359
[10] Ibidem, Pg. 422 « Disikuru ya Perezida wa Repubulika y’u
Rwanda, Kigali, 11 Werurwe 1964 »
[11] MUGESERA A., Imibereho y’Abatutsi kuri Repubulika ya Mbere n’iya
Kabiri (1959-1990), Kigali, 2004, p.171/ Kwirukanwa kw’abakozi n’abanyeshuri
b’Abatutsi, Pg. 227-263.
[12] Op. Cit, 12, Pg. 422
[13] BYANAFASHE, D., RUTAYISIRE P., Amateka y’u Rwanda; kuva mu
ntangirio kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya XX, Pg.445.
[14] Ibidem, Pg.446
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